PB Nitom Blog Vaginal route. Routes of administration: background - The route of administration is defined as the path by which a drug or other substance enters the body. Intraocular. Formation of thoracic metastases from EOC is thought to occur, in part, via direct extension of the peritoneal metastases or via . 3. (3) Can be used when alimentary route is not feasible (eg in unconscious pts). Systemic Routes: It can be classified into two routes; • 1. Pain not occurs because injection is not used. Although solid-dose forms such as tablets and capsules have a high degree of drug stability and provide accurate dosage, the oral route is problematic because of the unpredictable nature of . Main Advantages; Main Disadvantages; Oral. The oral route is the most frequently used route of medicines administration and is the most convenient and cost-effective (Dougherty and Lister, 2015). Most of the drugs can be administered by different routes. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION. Clean injection site with alcohol. Intraperitoneal. Oral administration (PO), ingestion of a drug by mouth and into the gastrointestinal tract, is one way by which a drug can be taken.PO stands for per os, or by mouth.. Enteral or Alimentary routes: • (a) Sublingual or Buccal, beneath the tongue. For anesthesia and acute postoperative pain management, drugs are usually administered by lumbar puncture. Pros: Easily administered; preferable to patients; slow-release medications may extend the duration of the effect; medications are formulated to avoid stomach acids and digestive enzymes. Compared with intravenous (IV) treatment, intraperitoneal (IP) administration permits a several-fold increase in . The values of the plasma area under concentration-time curves (AUC) were similar for both administration routes. We hypothesized that . 4-Patient status: Whether he is conscious or unconscious. This route is especially common in chronic studies involving mice for which repetitive IV access is challenging. Large volumes of solution (up to 10 ml/kg) can be safely administered to rodents through this route ( 5) which may be advantageous for agents with poor solubility. Advantages of the Intravenous Route Immediate effect (suitable for emergencies) Can be given to unconscious patients Avoids first-pass metabolism Achieves predictable and precise control over drug plasma levels compared to other routes Disadvantages of the Intravenous Route Possible anaphylaxis Risk of infection Inconvenient to the patient Painful 3. Oral 30-90 min. Rate of bioavailability effect. ROUTES OF DRUG ADMINISTRATION • The route of administration is determined by: 1. Dosage forms administered orally include tablets, capsules . 9 Advantages of intraperitoneal administration include high intraperitoneal concentration of the drug, as well as a longer half-life of the drug . Care must be taken to avoid the lung or air sac, which lies in the cranial one half to three fourths of the coelomic cavity, just Can be Ineffective. Intramuscular < 0.02 - 0.05ml 25 -27 gauge 0.01ml 28 -30 gauge . Classification Routes of administration can broadly be divided into: • Topical: Drugs are applied topically to the skin or mucous membranes, mainly for local action. 5-Desire of the patient. The intramuscular route is painful and there may be an abscess at the site of injection, so older and child patients avoid taking . Disadvantages are that absorption may be delayed, reduced or even enhanced after food or slow or irregular after drugs that inhibit gut motility (antimuscarinic, opioid). Excessive volume can be harmful, therefore always use the smallest volume possible. Effect of digestive juices and first pass metabolism . b. 5. Intraperitoneal drug therapy: an advantage The peritoneum is a cavity which has been successfully utilized by nephrologists to perform peritoneal dialysis (PD) in patients with renal failure. 2. Methods Routes can also be classified based on where the target of action is. 1. The major advantage of the intramuscular route of drug administration is that intramuscular injection is futile if the precise site wherever it's administered isn't conducive to the ready absorption of the drug. For chronic pain management, special devices, including pumps, are used. II. The physiologic characteristic of the peritoneal cavity not only helps remove toxic metabolites from the body, but also provides a useful portal of entry in the body for several pharmacological. The drug concentrations in peritoneal solid cancer tissue and suspended free cancer cells were also significantly higher for a longer time in the intraperitoneal injection group than in the intravenous injection group. Using a rat model, this study was designed to compare the pharmacokinetics and tissue absorption of intraperitoneal versus intravenous oxaliplatin. Differences in presystemic elimination are a cause of variation in drug effect between patients. Routes of administration can broadly be divided into: topical: local effect, substance is applied directly where its action is desired ; enteral: desired effect is systemic (non-local), substance is given via the digestive tract ; parenteral: desired effect is systemic, substance is given by other routes than the digestive tract ; The U.S. Food and Drug Administration . 2) Rectal. For cancers occurring within the abdominal cavity, the advantage of intraperitoneal chemotherapy is the high drug concentration that can be achieved locally with low systemic toxicity. Subcutaneous Another advantage is the rapid onset of action. Large volumes of solution (up to 10 ml/kg) can be safely administered to rodents through this route ( 5) which may be advantageous for agents with poor solubility. For chronic pain management, special devices, including pumps, are used. The oral administration route is preferred over the various other administration routes of drug delivery due to the many advantages it exhibits. In this administration the drug is administered in the gaseous form. Parenteral routes of administration include the subcutaneous, intramuscular, and intravenous routes. Administration to bathe or flush open wounds or body cavities. Given by mouth is the most common route of drug administration, however it also the one with the most complicated pathway to the target tissues. 3. Risky route: This route is risky as once the drug is given, it cannot be retrieved back or stopped easily. 2. . Route of administration: drugs given by IV route have a very quick and immediate action ; . Although intraperitoneal delivery is considered a parenteral route of administration, the pharmacokinetics of substances administered intraperitoneally are more similar to those seen after oral administration, because the primary route of absorption is into the mesenteric vessels, which drain into the portal vein and pass through the liver. The drug concentrations in peritoneal solid cancer tissue and suspended free cancer cells were also significantly higher for a longer time in the intraperitoneal injection group than in the intravenous injection group. Intraperitoneal chemotherapy allows for treatment of tumors confined within the peritoneum, but achieving sustained tumor-localized chemotherapy remains difficult. Administration of a drug that is metabolized by the digestion process of the gastrointestinal tract. Drug- and patient-related factors determine the selection of routes for drug administration. Intrapritoneal liquid is rich on competent cells to active immunity You can repet injection by this route Disavantage : - the adjuvant is not actif in this route Good continuation Cite 1. Transdermal min to hours. • 2. For anesthesia and acute postoperative pain management, drugs are usually administered by lumbar puncture. 1. The values of the plasma area under concentration-time curves (AUC) were similar for both administration routes. Administration . Intrathecal route of drug administration is well established in anesthesia and pain management. In this study, three different MSCs delivery routes, intraperitoneal injection (IP), intravenous injection (IV) and anal injection (AI) were compared on DSS-induced colitis mouse model. 4. The drug concentrations in peritoneal solid cancer tissue and suspended free cancer cells were also significantly higher for a longer time in the intraperitoneal injection group than in the intravenous injection group. It is used in administering aqueous or oleaginous suspensions or solutions. Description. Examples:- 1. Advantages: Immediate action takes place This route is preferred in emergency situations This route is preferred for unconscious patients. The values of the plasma area under concentration-time curves (AUC) were similar for both administration routes. Time to Effect vs Route. A disadvantage of using intraperitoneal injections is that they can have a large variability in effectiveness and misinjection. A variety of therapeutic substances can be delivered by . Procedure Summary and Goal Describes procedure for the administration of fluids or compounds into the abdominal peritoneal cavity. Following are some major benefits or advantages of the oral route, Oral administration is cheapest route This route is especially common in chronic studies involving mice for which repetitive IV access is challenging. 4. Common examples include oral and intravenous administration. Study Routes Of Drug Administration flashcards from Dexter 102's class online, or in . Rate and extent of absorption from different routes 4. Advantages: 1. SOP: INTRAPERITONEAL INJECTIONS IN THE RAT 1 I. This pharmacokinetic effect of route of administration is exemplified by naloxone, a potent opioid antagonist. Advantages (1) Drugs get to the site of action more rapidly, providing a rapid response, which may be required in an emergency. Intraperitoneal: into the peritoneal cavity . Intraperitoneal is described as space within the peritoneum. Definition • A route of administration is the path by which a drug or substance is brought into contact with the body. Definition: Aroute of administration is the path by which a drug, fluid, poison or other substance is brought into contact with the body. Large volume of fluids might be injected by this route Diluted irritant might be injected Absorption is not required No first pass effect takes place. Major drawbacks of parenteral administration are as follows: 1. Routes of drug administration can be classified as . This large, randomized, prospective phase III study demonstrated a significant survival advantage for the intraperitoneal group; remarkably, this group also experienced significantly less clinical hearing loss, tinnitus, neutropenia, and . Description. Advantages:- 1. 3) Sublingual. Administration of chemotherapy intraperitoneally is a means of increasing the dose intensity delivered to the tumor and minimizes systemic toxicity, therefore, it is an attractive therapeutic approach. The factors are: 1. The main advantage is that these medications do reduce one's perception of pain, as well as the anxiety that is associated with severe pain. Outline the advantages and disadvantages of intraperitoneal (IP) drug administration (1, 2) Injection into the peritoneal cavity Advantages: 1) local administration of antibiotics for Continuous Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis (CAPD) patients . 3. The intravenous route of administration bypasses the ab-sorption step, resulting in 100% bioavailability. Restrain the animal by grasping the skin along its back with your left hand (if right-handed), as shown in picture. 1. Drug administration by these routes is irreversible and poses more risks than the other routes 2. The oral route of administration is one of the most commonly used routes for drug administration and in this route drugs are in the form of a tablet, capsule, pills, syrup or suspension and are taken by mouth. For intraperitoneal administration, restrain the mouse with one hand and tilt the head backward to expose the abdomen. Classification of routes of drug administration • A. d. Muscarinic receptors are more numerous than nicotinic receptors in the brain. Although widely used as a means of administering substances, particularly injectable anaesthetics, this is an inherently unreliable technique, since inadvertent injection of some material into the gut, abdominal fat and subcutaneous tissues is a relatively frequent occurrence (Steward et al, 1968 1, Gaines Das and North, 2007 2).For this reason, it may be preferable to use . In addition, each route has advantages and disadvantages that should be considered depending on the final effect to be achieved, and ultimately the route selected will markedly affect the pharmacokinetics of the substance. Intraperitoneal injection is widely used in rodents as a route of drug administration. Parenteral Route • a) Injection-* Subcutaneous (SC) - Beneath the skin. Pain and wounds: This route can induce pain during the injection; also, frequent injections can cause wounds or abscesses. The _____ route of drug administration has the advantage of bypassing the blood-brain barrier. 2-Drug nature: Drugs which are water soluble are to be injected intravenously. Classification. Muscles are highly vasculorized thus, the drug could be absorbed haematologenously or through the lymphatic fluid. Administration Routes . Most drugs are absorbed in the intestinal tract by passive transfer and usually end up in the portal circulation encountering the liver and thus high chance of passing the first-pass effect. Routes of Drug Administration. Physical and chemical properties of the drug 2. Eight Rights of Giving Medication . Characteristics of the drug. Intrathecal route of drug administration is well established in anesthesia and pain management. Antineoplastic agents can be administered via various routes including:1 Intravenous peripheral venous access central venous access percutaneous lines peripherally inserted central catheters (PICC) implantable devices (Port-a-caths) tunnelled venous access devices (Hickman catheter). Factors affecting the choice of route 1. A variety of therapeutic substances can be delivered by . Emergency/routine use. Properties of the drug (for example, water or lipid solubility, ionization) 2. Intravenous 30-60 sec. Additives to the drinking water: When additives are placed in the drinking water it is the responsibility of the investigator to monitor the animal(s) and assure that adequate fluid intake occurs. Higher levels in plasma than in liver would be expected after s.c. injection, since this route obviously ex-cludes the possibility of portal absorption. The disappearance of drugs from the peritoneal cavity upon injection is because of diffusion into the surrounding tissues. Injection or infusion of a drug that enters systemic circulation and bypasses the gastrointestinal tract. Bioavailability is 100%. The rationale for administering chemotherapy directly into the peritoneal cavity is supported by preclinical, pharmacokinetic, and pharmacodynamics data. These advantages include safety, good patient compliance, ease of ingestion, pain avoidance, and versatility to accommodate various types of drugs (Sastry et al., 2000). Intravenous (IV), subcutaneous (SC), intraperitoneal (IP) and oral routes are the main paths of drug administration in lab- oratory animals,with each offering advantages and disadvan- tages depending on specific goal(s) of the study. Oral Drug Use. 3-Duration of action: Drugs intended for longer duration of action are given by route when absorption is slow (e.g. Pros & Cons of Different Routes of Drug Administration 1. 2. Intramuscular injections can be futile if the exact site where it is administered is not conducive to the ready absorption of the drug. While this route is an easy to master, quick, suitable for chronic treatments and with low impact of stress on laboratory rodents, there is a common concern that it … Intraperitoneal administration allows quick reabsorption of large volumes of substances and is the preferred injection route for nonirritant, isotonic solutions [7,11]. Understanding of how the drug benefits how it is to be given and side effects of the drug will help the patient to take drug regularly and a report to the physician . Disadvantages of this route: 1. Aerosols Local/Topical Route of Drug Administration In this route the drug is applied on the skin A route of administration in pharmacology and toxicology is the way by which a drug, fluid, poison, or other substance is taken into the body.. The benefit of administering drugs intraperitoneally is the ability for the peritoneal cavity to absorb large amounts of a drug quickly. The fact that, after s.c. administration, atropine These two categories also determine whether or not a drug stays in one area of the body (local effect) or absorbed by the vascular system to be distributed to body tissues (systemic effect). (2) Dose can be more accurately delivered. Oral. In this study, three different MSCs delivery routes, intraperitoneal injection (IP), intravenous injection (IV) and anal injection (AI) were compared on DSS-induced colitis mouse model. Oral. Therapeutic objectives (for example, the desirability of a rapid onset of action, the need for long-term treatment, or restriction of delivery to a local site). The hematogenous route of metastatic colonization also contributes to formation of intraperitoneal metastases [23,24]. The only variable was the route of administration of the cisplatin (intraperitoneal versus intravenous). The physiologic characteristic of the peritoneal cavity not only helps remove toxic metabolites from the body, but also provides a useful portal of ent … Metronomic chemotherapy decreases the extent of drug-free periods, thereby hindering development of drug resistance. Benefits of Oral Route. It is an invasive route of drug administration and thus, it can cause fear, pain, tissue damage, and/or infections. Easy, inexpensive, safe, preferred by patients, Slow time . Administration by means of an electric current where ions of soluble salts migrate into the tissues of the body. The pharmacokinetic properties, such as absorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion, of a drug are critically influenced by the route of administration. Intraperitoneal (IP) route of drug administration in laboratory animals is a common practice in many in vivo studies of disease models. Chemotherapy can be administered directly into this space to treat cancers of the abdominal region such as gastric (stomach), appendiceal (appendix), and ovarian. • Oral: used for systemic (non-local) effect, substance . There . Routes of Drug Administration. 3. Drug reaches the stream of blood immediately having full access to the entire body and hence, rapid action is produced rendering this route to be the most efficient in life-threatening situations. The volume to be injected should be the lowest volume possible and not exceed the current recommended guidelines (see chart below). 2. 74 . (4) Suitable for drugs that are not absorbed from GIT, or are Condition of the patient (unconscious, vomiting, diarrhoea). 2. a. intraperitoneal b. oral c. intravascular d. topical . Advantages of intravenous route of drug administration 1. Procedures: Routes of Administration are Designated as Enteral or Parenteral A. Enteral Or Per Os (By Mouth) Routes Of Administration. For these routes to be viable, a medication must be water-soluble or in suspension. Best for emergencies. reaction. 2. Most practitioners feel it is usually safe for baby when narcotics are given to the . Titration of dose is possible. This property is most effective in early labor when pain may be getting difficult to cope with, but is not yet as severe as it will become in the later part of labor. Gastrointestinal route: a) Oral route - This is the most common and easiest route of administration where drugs are given by mouth. The peritoneum is the membrane (thin tissue) that lines the abdominal cavity and surrounds your abdominal organs.
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